Actividad
Todos los grupos realizan lo mismo pero cada uno trabajara en la parte del texto dado a cada equipo.
1- Buscar palabras desconocidas, con prefijos o sufijos en el texto dado. Trascribirlas, y decir funcion gramatical de cada una.
2- Buscar 5 grupos verbales diferentes ( incluir pasivas), e incluir verbos modales.Transcribir oracion , traducirla, marcar todo lo que encuentres en ella.
3- hacer breve resumen de tu parte y comentar tu opinion de esa parte.
4- Hacer comentario propio del tema.
domingo, 30 de septiembre de 2012
jueves, 27 de septiembre de 2012
Vocabulario
The income
generated from sale of goods or services, or any other use of capital or
assets, associated with the main operations of an organization before any costs
or expenses are deducted. Revenue is shown usually as the top item in an income
(profit and loss) statement from which all charges, costs, and expenses are
subtracted to arrive at net income. Also called sales, or (in the UK) turnover.
insurance
actual cash
value policy
pro rata
cancellation
Definition
Risk-transfer
mechanism that ensures full or partial financial compensation for the loss or
damage caused by event(s) beyond the control of the insured party. Under an
insurance contract, a party (the insurer) indemnifies the other party (the
insured) against a specified amount of loss, occurring from specified
eventualities within a specified period, provided a fee called premium is paid.
In general insurance, compensation is normally proportionate to the loss
incurred, whereas in life insurance usually a fixed sum is paid. Some types of
insurance (such as product liability insurance) are an essential component of
risk management, and are mandatory in several countries. Insurance, however,
provides protection only against tangible losses. It cannot ensure continuity
of business, market share, or customer confidence, and cannot provide
knowledge, skills, or resources to resume the operations after a disaster.
* risk
* policy
* third-party insurance
* letter of indemnity
* employer's liability insurance
* force majeure
* ex gratia payment
* hazard
* contribution
* certificate of insurance (COI)
revenue / ˈrevənuː / ||/ ˈrevənjuː/
sustantivo
- uncountable ( Tax ) rentas fpl públicas;
see also Inland Revenue, Internal Revenue Service
- revenues pl ingresos
mpl;
oil ~s ingresos mpl provenientes del petróleo
revenue ['revɪnjʊ:] nombre
renta, ingresos
turnover ['tɜ:nəʊvəʳ] nombre
1 Com facturación
2 (de mercancías, de personal) movimiento
1 Com facturación
2 (de mercancías, de personal) movimiento
'revenue'
also found in these Oxford entries:
gross revenue
n
|
(total receipts from sales)
|
ingresos brutos nmpl
|
|
Since our
expenses exceeded our gross revenue, we will suffer a net loss for the year.
|
|
|
No te confundas, mis ingresos netos son mucho menores que
mis ingresos brutos.
|
|
net revenue
n
|
(total sales minus adjustments)
|
ingresos netos nmpl
|
revenue
bearing, revenue-bearing adj
|
(generating income)
|
provechoso adj
|
Note: hyphen used when term is an adj
before a noun
|
||
|
Todo lo ecológico se está volviendo un negocio muy
provechoso.
|
|
|
rentable adj
|
|
|
¿Te parece que ése pueda ser un negocio rentable?
|
|
revenue bond
|
bono a largo plazo a pagarse con ingresos del proyecto
|
|
revenue expenditure
|
desembolso sobre los ingresos
|
|
revenue growth
n
|
(increase
in income from sales)
|
aumento de las ganancias nm
|
|
Fue un buen año, tuvimos un aumento de las ganancias del
20%.
|
|
revenue management
n
|
(maximizing
money made from sth)
|
maximización de ganancias nf
|
revenue share
n
|
(distribution of profits)
|
reparto de beneficios nm
|
revenue sharing
n
|
(distribution of profits)
|
reparto de ganancias nm
|
revenue stamp
n
|
finanzas públicas
|
sello fiscal nm
|
revenue stamp
n
|
finanzas públicas
|
timbre fiscal nm
|
revenue stream
n
|
(method of income)
|
vía de ingresos nf
|
|
Ese cliente es nuestra principal vía de ingresos, no
tenemos que perderlo.
|
|
total revenue
n
|
(overall income)
|
ingresos totales nmpl
|
coverage /
ˈkʌvərɪdʒ/ n uncountable (by media, in telephony) cobertura f;
press/television/news ~ cobertura
periodística/televisiva/informativa;
there will
be live ~ of the game el partido será transmitido or (Esp) retransmitido en
directo
coverage
['kʌvərɪdʒ] nombre cobertura
'coverage'
also found in these Oxford entries:
English:
extensive -
media - patchy - saturation - up
Spanish:
cobertura - resonancia - amplio - desmarcarse - difusión -
marcaje
Compound
Forms:
blanket coverage n seguros cubierta total nf
blanket
coverage n cubierta
al detalle nf
coverage
area n (telecommunications:
transmission range) área de
cobertura nm
Each
cell phone company advertises that their coverage area is larger than the
others.
Todas
las compañías de telefonía celular dicen tener mayor área de cobertura.
debt service coverage n (finance:
cash available to pay debts) reserva
para pago de la deuda nf
El contador debe mantener la
reserva para el pago de la deuda.
fondos para el
pago de deuda nmpl
full
coverage n (thorough news reporting) cobertura detallada n
You
can see full coverage of the event on BBC1 from ten o'clock.
Puedes
ver la cobertura detallada de la noticia a las 10 de la noche.
amplia cobertura
nf
La prensa le dio amplia cobertura
al evento.
full coverage n (comprehensive
insurance) automóvil seguro a todo riesgo,
seguro contra todo riesgo nm
Since my car is brand new, and expensive, I
decided to pay for full coverage auto insurance, to protect me no matter what
happens.
Recomiendan
hacerse un seguro a todo riesgo cuando el coche es nuevo.
cobertura total nf
Este seguro te garantiza una
cobertura total, incluso en el extranjero.
media coverage n (news
reporting) cobertura de los
medios nf
There will be full media coverage of the
upcoming World Cup.
La
cobertura de los medios es total frente a este acontecimiento.
Report an error
Forum
discussions with the word(s) "coverage" in the title:
A statement
of any policy or coverage defenses (legal) - legal
action over
coverage - financial
Additional supplemental
life insurance coverage
all-risks
coverage - financial
As part of
its coverage commitment for the license award
attain
medical coverage (insurance)
bind
coverage
Binding
Coverage (Seguros)
breakdown
coverage
Broadenings
Of Coverage
Call center
staff coverage - information technology
Catastrophic
Coverage - legal
Catastrophic
Coverage
Certificate
of Coverage
check
offering coverage and review
comparable
coverage - financial
complete
coverage
Corrects
instantly with excellent coverage
Coverage
coverage
(software, printers) - information technology
Coverage
achievement - medical
Coverage
Amount (Insurance)
coverage
and substance
coverage at
an insured bank - financial
coverage
defense - legal
Coverage
Determination
Coverage
Engineer
Coverage
for claimant is no longer in force - legal
Coverage is
renewable and portable.
Coverage or
signal?? (Cobertura del teléfono móvil)
more...
insurance
insurance /ɪnˈʃʊrəns / || /ɪnˈʃʊərəns/ , /ɪnˈʃɔːrəns/
sustantivo
seguro m;
he works in ~ trabaja en el ramo de los seguros;
medical/fire ~ seguro médico/de or contra incendios;
to take out ~ hacerse(conj.⇒) or contratar un seguro;
(before n) ~ broker agente mf de seguros;
~ company compañía f de seguros, (compañía f) aseguradora f
;
~ premium prima f or cuota f del seguro
insurance [ɪn'ʃʊərəns] nombre seguro
life insurance,
seguro de vida
'insurance'
also found in these Oxford entries:
English:
endowment -
extortionate - insurance agent - insurance company - insurance policy - insurance
premium - itemize - life insurance - low-cost - National Insurance - policy -
premium - social insurance - social welfare - travel insurance - assurance -
broker - business - claim - comprehensive - cover - EHIC - European - FDIC -
floater - fully - health - in - including - indemnity - life - marine - medical
- national - pay - sell - take - third - travel - under
Spanish:
agencia - agente - asegurador - aseguradora - cotizar -
mutualidad - póliza - riesgo - segura - seguro - aporte - asegurado - asegurar
- compañía - mutua - tarjeta - tercero
WordReference
English-Spanish Dictionary © 2012:
Compound
Forms:
casualty
insurance n US (insurance against
accident) seguro contra
accidentes nm
He
had casualty insurance, so the family could pay bills after his accident, until
he could return to work.
earthquake insurance seguro
contra terremotos nm
fire
insurance n (insurance
against loss due to fire) seguro
contra incendio nm
The
bank requires borrowers to carry fire insurance for the house.
En
el banco le exigieron la presentación del seguro contra incendio.
fire insurance n seguro
contra incendios nm
freight insurance (Insurance) seguro del flete nm
group insurance n seguros seguro colectivo nm
group life insurance seguro
de vida colectivo nm
health insurance seguro
de enfermedad n
health insurance seguro
médico n
hospitalization insurance US seguro de asistencia médica n
industrial insurance seguro
industrial nm
insurance adjuster liquidador
de seguros nm
insurance
agent n (sb who sells insurance
policies) agente de seguros
nm
I
needed to update my car insurance policy, so I called my insurance agent.
Los
agentes de seguros tienen fama de pesados.
insurance benefits npl (rewards
of an insurance policy) beneficios
que otorga la póliza nmpl
insurance broker n (sb
who sells insurance policies) corredor
de seguros nm
insurance carrier n (company
issuing an insurance policy) compañía de
seguros nf
compañía
aseguradora nf
Mi póliza de seguros es muy cara
estoy pensando en cambiar de compañía aseguradora.
insurance
claim n (request for insurance
to be paid) reclamación al seguro
nf
I
have to file an insurance claim to be reimbursed for my doctor appointment.
Tengo
que rellenar una reclamación al seguro para que me reembolse la factura del
médico.
insurance
company n (company that sells insurance
policies) compañía de seguros nf
After
the accident, my insurance company refused to pay for repairs to my car.
aseguradora
nf
La aseguradora se negó a pagar
los gastos de hospitalización.
insurance plan n plan
de seguro nm
insurance
policy n (contract that insures
sth) póliza del seguro nf
My
health insurance policy won't cover my diabetic medication.
Mi
póliza del seguro de salud no cubrirá mi tratamiento contra la diabetes.
insurance
premium n (payment on an insurance
policy) prima del seguro nf
Where
you park your vehicle overnight will affect your insurance premium.
Si
aparcas el vehículo en la calle durante la noche, puede variar tu prima del
seguro.
insurance salesman n (sb
who sells insurance policies) vendedor
de seguros nm
Los vendedores de seguros ahora
ya te los venden por teléfono.
insurance
underwriter n (sb who
assesses eligibility for insurance policies) evaluador
de riesgo nm
El
evaluador de riesgo es la persona que determina si se le puede renovar la
póliza de seguro.
life
insurance n (policy that pays out after
death) seguro de vida nm
I
bought life insurance to help my family in case something happens to me.
Le
ofrecieron un nuevo seguro de vida. / Contraté un seguro de vida por si acaso
me llegara a pasar algo.
major medical insurance seguro
de gastos médicos mayores
malpractice insurance seguro
contra neglicencia profesional, seguro de malapraxis nm
marine insurance seguro
marítimo
medical insurance n seguro
médico nm
medical
insurance premium n (payment policy for
healthcare) prima del seguro
médico nf
My
monthly medical insurance premium is over half my monthly pension.
La
mitad de mi jubilación la gasto en pagar la prima del seguro médico.
mortgage
insurance n (policy to compensate for
property loan payments) seguro para
hipoteca nm
mutual insurance seguro
mutualista nm
mutual insurance system sistema
de seguros mutualistas
national
insurance seguridad
social n
no-fault
insurance n (coverage regardless of
fault. ) España seguro a todo
riesgo nm
His car was hit by an uninsured driver, but
Joe's no-fault insurance paid for the damages.
Le
golpeó un coche que no estaba asegurado, pero la póliza de seguro a todo riesgo
de Joe, pago los desperfectos.
Argentina seguro contra todo riesgo nm
no-fault insurance seguro
con franquicia n
participating insurance seguro
de vida con participación nm
professional indemnity insurance n (insurance cover for trades and occupations) España seguro de responsabilidad civil profesional
loc nom
property damage insurance seguro
de bienes nm
property insurance n seguro
de propiedad
property insurance n seguro
inmobiliario
public-liability insurance seguro
de responsabilidad a terceros nm
sickness insurance n seguros:
usualmente cubre enfermedades catastróficas tales como el cáncer y otras
usualmente cubre e seguro
contra enfermedad
social
insurance seguro
social nm
take out
insurance (take out insurance
against something) contratar
un seguro contra algún riesgo v
take out
insurance (take out insurance
against something) hacerse
un seguro v
term insurance seguro
de término fijo nm
term insurance seguro
temporal nm
theft insurance seguro
de cobertura contra riesgo de robo
theft insurance seguro
contra robo
title insurance póliza
de seguro de titulo
transportation
insurance seguro
de transporte
unemployment
insurance n UK: (tax collected for
social security, US: payments to unemployed) seguro
de desempleo nm
He
had to pay a percentage of his earnings for unemployment insurance.
Report
an error
Forum
discussions with the word(s) "insurance" in the title:
about
insurance certificates - financial
Act on
Services / Insurance Act
Actuarial
Science, Insurance and Risk Management
Additional
supplemental life insurance coverage
address
Insurance Company review
administration
and insurance policies
After-Service
Health Insurance - legal
airside
insurance
all freight
and insurance costs and duties
all risk
property insurance policy - financial
Allowance
(insurance)
Amount of
insurance
amount of
insurance
amparo y
auxilio (worker benefits/insurance)
an
investment contract issued by either an insurance enterprise - financial
apply for
insurance
as a
fiduaciary, an insurance agent
as added insurance
aseguranza v. seguros (insurance)
Aspe holds
all of the insurance cover necessary
assignment
form most insurance plans
Assignor
(insurance) - legal
Associate
Insurance Compliance Officer
assurance -
insurance
attain
medical coverage (insurance)
Auto
insurance - grammar
auto
insurance
Bank owned
Life Insurance
Bank owned
life insurance - financial
Bank
Required Insurance
# insurance
# insurance
agent
# insurance
company
# insurance
policy
# insurance
premium
# insure
# insured
# insurer
insure /ɪnˈʃʊr
/ || /ɪnˈʃʊə(r)/ , /ɪnˈʃɔː(r)/ verbo transitivo
1. ( Fin ) asegurar;
he ~d his life
for $500,000 se hizo un seguro de vida de 500.000 dólares;
I'm ~d to drive
any car con mi seguro puedo manejar or (Esp) conducir cualquier coche;
to ~ sth/sb AGAINST sth asegurar
algo/a algn contra algo
2. (AmE) See Also→ ensure
insure [ɪn'ʃʊəʳ]
verbo transitivo asegurar [against, contra]: this policy insures against loss
or harm to my car, esta póliza cubre robo y daños
'insure'
also found in these Oxford entries:
English:
assure -
indemnify
Spanish:
asegurar -
asegurarse
Compound
Forms:
insure
oneself asegurarse
insure
yourself v (take out an
insurance policy) asegurarse⇒ v pron
Forum
discussions with the word(s) "insure" in the title:
Assure-ensure-insure
Insure
against
insure
anyone utilizing a standard against liability - legal
insure from
theft
insure that
the business remains decisive
insure the
exhibition on a wall-to-wall basis
insure your
place
Insure your
purchase
the people
who help insure many of your neighbors
to insure
equity and access
purchase
purchase 1 / ˈpɜːrtʃəs / || / ˈpɜːtʃəs/ sustantivo
1. uc (frml)
adquisición f (frml), compra f
2. (grip) (no pl):
to get ~ o a ~ on sth agarrarse a or de algo
purchase 2 verbo transitivo (frml) adquirir (frml), comprar;
to ~ sth
FROM sb comprarle algo a algn
purchase
['pɜ:tʃɪs]
I n frml compra
II vtr frml comprar
'purchase'
also found in these Oxford entries:
English:
antibiotic
- bonus - exercise - foresight - APEX - bargain - buy - compulsory purchase -
free - hire purchase - HP - individual - newness - send - speculative
Spanish:
adquirir - adquisición - compra - comprar - negociar - plazo
- prohibir - salida - venta - comprobante - contrato - expropiación - expropiar
- importe - precio - prueba
Compound
Forms:
advance
purchase n (booking ahead at cheap
rate) compra por adelantado nf
Airlines
usually give you a cheaper fare for advance purchase.
El
libro todavía no salió pero ya tenemos más de 300 pedidos de compra por
adelantado.
compulsory
purchase n UK: (seizing of
property) expropiación nf
Despite
our objections, the government took our land while expanding the motorway,
citing compulsory purchase laws.
Se
estableció por decreto la expropiación de todos los edificios de esa manzana.
hire purchase n (buying
sth by instalments) compra en
cuotas nf
Es muy frecuente hacer la compra
de los electrodomésticos en cuotas.
compra a plazos nf
Al ser el precio tan elevado,
decidí hacer la compra a plazos.
impulse purchase n compra
impulsiva
proof of purchase n comprobante
de compra nm
proof of
purchase n evidencia
de compra nf
proof of
purchase n prueba de
compra nf
purchase
agreement, purchasing agreement n (contract
to buy goods) acuerdo de
compra nm
If
you can ship me the goods by December 16, I'll send you a purchase agreement
today.
Le
puedo firmar hoy mismo un acuerdo de compra si me asegura que puedo contar con
las mercaderías antes del 16 de diciembre.
purchase book libro
de compras nm
purchase ledger libro
de compras nm
purchase
order n (document requesting to
buy sth) pedido nm
We
have received your purchase order and will dispatch the goods immediately.
Debido
a las vacaciones de verano rogamos nos hagan llegar sus pedidos antes del
viernes.
orden de compra nm
Dígame el número de su orden de
compra y la fecha.
purchase
price n (cost at which sth is
bought) precio de compra nm
Over
the years, the purchase price for a new car has risen significantly.
A
medida que pasan los años el precio de compra de los autos ha ido aumentando de
manera sostenida.
purchase
receipt n (slip or document: proof
of payment) ticket de compra nm
Acme
Stores requires a purchase receipt if you wish to return something.
No
devolvemos el dinero sin el ticket de compra.
recibo de compra
nm
Tengo un montón de recibos de
compra guardados en mi bolso, por si acaso.
Argentina factura, boleta nf
Report an error
Forum
discussions with the word(s) "purchase" in the title:
80%
purchase
Acquisition
Award Purchase
Adjusted
for inflation / aggregate purchase price - financial
Adquirir =
Purchase / acquire
advance
purchase
aggregate
equity purchase price - financial
aggregate
purchase order threshold amount - financial
Agreement
of purchase and sale - legal
Agreement
pursuant to which (iii) M will purchase (ii) - legal
analytical
purchase
ask about a
purchase
Asset
Purchase Agreement - legal
Barter
purchase
Because of
your imigrantion [ immigration ] status, I have to purchase you a
Bill of sale/sale
and purchase/business sale... - legal
binding
purchase agreement
Blanket
purchase / Blanket release - financial
blanket
purchase order
buy
something on hire purchase
buy-shop-purchase.
buy/purchase
Buying Vs
Purchase
cash
purchase
Choate or
inchoate (purchase agreement) - legal
Circumvent
- (Sales and Purchase Agreement)
Claim
Purchase - legal
comercializara=
purchase
common
stock purchase warrants - financial
company
guarantees purchase
compulsory
purchase order - financial
more...
buy 1 /baɪ/
(past & past p bought) verbo transitivo
1. (purchase) comprar;
money can't ~
happiness el dinero no hace la felicidad;
to ~ sb sth
comprarle algo a algn;
let me ~ you a drink déjame
invitarte a una copa;
I bought myself a hat me compré un
sombrero;
I bought this mirror for $50 compré este
espejo por 50 dólares;
to ~ sth from sb comprarle algo a algn;
I bought the radio from o (colloq) off a
friend le compré la radio a un amigo;
to ~ sth for sb comprar algo para
algn
2. (accept, believe) (colloq) tragarse(conj.⇒) (fam)
verbo intransitivo
comprar;
to ~ from sb comprarle a algn
Phrasal Verbs
buy in (BrE) v + o + adv, v + adv + o ‹food/supplies›
comprar (para abastecerse) buy into v + prep + o ‹company› adquirir(conj.⇒)
participación en, comprar acciones en buy off
v + o + adv, v + adv + o sobornar, comprar (fam) buy out v + o + adv, v + adv +
o ‹partner/shareholder› comprarle su parte a buy up v + adv + o comprarse todas
las existencias de
buy 2 sustantivo
compra f
buy [baɪ]
I nombre
compra: this coat was a good buy, este abrigo fue una buena compra
II vtr (ps & pp bought)
1 comprar: money
can't buy you love, el dinero no compra el amor
to buy sthg from
sb, comprar algo a alguien
2 argot (creer) tragar: I tried to lie to her
but she did not buy it, intenté engañarla pero no se lo tragó
'buy' also
found in these Oxford entries:
English:
agent -
attractive - blue-chip - bought - buy off - buy out - buy up - cash - chip in -
cream - dip into - disinfectant - flour - going - groceries - nursery -
opportune - pool - remember - stationary - stop - test drive - throw in - want
- wholesale - about - any - BOGOF - cheaply - club - enough - fancy - feature -
fill - get - hire purchase - HP - ill - installment plan - lash - mail - never
- none - option - replacement - restriction - save - second-hand - shelf - some
Spanish:
A - adquisición - alcanzar - amortizar - barata - barato -
barrio - batalla - compra - comprar - concretamente - decena - dos - dudar -
infinitamente - las - macho - más - óbice - permitirse - plazo - prematura -
prematuro - recordar - reventa - sacar - terminar - ventolera - abonar - abono
- adelantar - adquirir - andar - apuntar - así - chorrada - chueco - ciego -
clavar - compromiso - corto - cual - dar - decidir - decir - descuento - dios -
disparar - duda - encargar
Compound Forms:
bring and buy sale n UK
colloquial venta a beneficio de
productos hechos o cosechados por el vendedor nf
bring and buy sale n UK
colloquial venta de cooperación a
beneficio nf
buy and
sell v (trade) comercio nm
compraventa
nf
buy back
vtr (seller: repurchase what was
sold) rescatar⇒ vtr
Redeemable
shares come with an agreement that the company can buy them back at a future
date.
Vendió
las acciones con la opción de poder rescatarlas al año.
buy in vtr (purchase
sth in large quantities) comprar
(algo) al por mayor vtr
Todas esas piezas de tela que ves
allí, las compra al por mayor.
buy into
vtr figurative (accept as valid) tragarse⇒, creerse⇒ vpron
buy into
vtr (invest in) invertir en vtr
En
los años setenta invirtió un modesto capital en una pequeña y desconocida
empresa, Apple; hoy es multimillonario.
buy off vtr informal (buy the cooperation of) comprar a vtr+prep
We
can buy him off by making a donation to his wife's hospital.
España fichar⇒ vtr
A ver si fichamos un buen
vendedor que se deshaga de esto rápido.
buy on
credit vtr (purchase now but
pay later) comprar a plazos loc verb
I
became addicted to buying on credit, and now I'm on the verge of bankruptcy.
comprar
en cuotas loc verb
comprar a crédito
loc verb
comprar con pago
diferido loc verb
buy out vtr (purchase entire stock) comprar el total vtr
El
precio le pareció muy conveniente y compró el total de las unidades que
teníamos disponible.
buy out vtr (take over ownership of) comprar la parte de loc verb
Mi
socia quería vender el negocio, yo no; así que le compré su parte.
buy sth at
auction v (purchase sth by highest
bid) comprar en subasta vtr
adjudicar(se)
en subasta vtr (pron)
Nos adjudicamos el lote completo
en subasta.
comprar en un
remate vtr
buy time v figurative
(create a helpful delay) ganar
tiempo loc verb
buy up vtr (purchase all of) acaparar⇒ vtr
We
bought up all the store's balloons for the party.
comprar
todo vtr
Como estaban baratos compramos
todos los tomates que había en el cajón.
good buy n (bargain) ganga nf
I
got a good buy on these drinks, only $1 per bottle.
Argentina,
fam pichincha nf
Viste qué hermosa es, y me costó
sólo cincuenta pesos, una verdadera pichincha.
good buy informal ganga nf
impulse buy
n (spur-of-the-moment purchase) compra compulsiva nf
Reconozco
que esa fue una compra compulsiva; realmente no necesitaba otro televisor.
impulse buy n compra
impulsiva
make a buy hacer
una compra v
offer to
buy ofrecerse a
comprar⇒ v
A buy (en
deportes)...
A loan to
buy a house where the borrower...
ad buy
are you
still interested in buy a... - grammar
Argentina
talent buy out by request, one year only
as good as
money can buy
available
to buy
best talent
that money can buy
borrow-and-buy
bring and
buy sale
budget buy
but it
doesn´t really buy you much, does it?
Buy &
Sell Side Services - financial
buy 3 and
get 1 free
Buy a bath
big enough to fit the both of us.
buy a movie
ticket
buy a pig
in a poke
buy a
ticket to my mom, to come here
buy all the
stocks of xx
buy an essay
off the internet
buy an
excuse
buy and
hold
buy and
hold raw and abnormal returns - financial
buy around
buy back
buy back
Buy back
clause - legal
Buy Bounce
buy bust -
legal
buy by the
inch
martes, 25 de septiembre de 2012
Practico I Ins Quirurgico III 2012
About Marfan Syndrome
Marfan syndrome
is a progressive genetic disorder that affects the body's connective tissue.
Connective tissue is everywhere in the body, providing structure and support
for cells. Think of it as a sort of "glue" that helps support every
organ, blood vessel, bone, joint, and muscle.
In people with
Marfan syndrome, this "glue" is weaker than normal because of a
defect in the body's production of the protein fibrillin, a major component of
connective tissue. Weakened connective tissue can lead to problems in many parts
of the body, especially the heart, eyes, and bones.
Even though the
disease has no cure, the good news is that doctors can successfully treat just
about all of its symptoms. Just a few decades ago, most people with Marfan
syndrome didn't live past 40. Now, thanks to new research and treatments, those
who are diagnosed early and get good medical care have just about the same
lifespan as everyone else.
Current
research on a group of medications called ACE inhibitors appears extremely
promising and is likely to further improve the health of people with Marfan
syndrome.
Causes
Marfan syndrome
is pretty rare, affecting about 1 in every 5,000 people. Researchers have
traced the disorder to a defect in a gene found on chromosome 15. It's this
mutation (change) that causes the abnormality in the production or the
structure of fibrillin.
About 75% of
the time, the gene for Marfan syndrome runs in families, getting passed down to
kids from parents who have the disease. The gene is autosomal dominant, which
means every child born to a parent who has Marfan syndrome has a 50% chance of
having it too.
In the
remaining 25% of cases, though, neither parent has the disease; the genetic
mutation responsible for Marfan syndrome occurs spontaneously in either the egg
or sperm cell at the time of conception. No one knows what causes this
mutation, but those born with it have a 50% chance of passing it on to their
kids.
Although people
with Marfan syndrome often have similar physical features, the disease doesn't
affect everyone in the same way. Some have very mild symptoms, while others
have severe ones — even within the same family. This is known as "variable
expression," and it makes it almost impossible to predict how the disease
will progress in any affected individual.
Signs and Symptoms
People with
Marfan syndrome are often (but not always) much taller than their family
members and peers and have a lean, lanky build. Their fingers and toes are
usually long and thin, and their joints are loose. Their arms and legs are often
disproportionately long when compared with their torso, and their arm span is
often a lot greater than their height.
They may share
some facial characteristics, too, including a long, thin face; deep-set eyes; a
small jaw; a high, arched roof of the mouth; and crowded teeth.

Complications
People with
Marfan syndrome are also susceptible to complications in the following body
systems:
Heart and Blood Vessels
The most serious
complication of Marfan syndrome involves theheart. Over time, the disorder
can cause the aorta — the large artery that carries blood away from the heart
to the body — to stretch and dilate (widen).
If undetected
or untreated, the wall of the aorta can eventually begin to tear and separate,
allowing blood to leak through (this is known as an aortic dissection). A large, sudden rupture can be fatal.
Problems with
the heart valves are common too. Instead of closing tightly, valves (usually
the mitral and/or aortic valves) may become large and floppy, allowing blood to
leak backwards through the heart. A minor leak may cause few symptoms, but a
large one can cause shortness of breath and an irregular heartbeat, as well as
a heart murmur. Leaky heart valves cause the heart to work harder and become
enlarged, so they must be carefully monitored.
Eyes
More than half
of all people with Marfan syndrome have a condition known as "dislocated
lenses." That means the lenses of the eye, which are usually centered
behind the pupil and held in place with connective tissue, may shift up, down,
or to the side. Vision problems may occur depending on the position of the
lens. The vision problems may require glasses at first, and later may require
surgery.
People with
Marfan syndrome also often have myopia (nearsightedness), and they are at
greater risk for developing other problems — like detached retinas (when the
light-sensing tissue at the back of the eye comes loose), glaucoma (high
pressure in the eye), or cataracts (cloudy lenses) — earlier in life than other
people. Young children are especially prone to developing amblyopia (lazy eye).
Skeletal Problems
In addition to excessive
height and long limbs, Marfan syndrome may cause other skeletal problems, such
as scoliosis (curvature of the
spine) and chest wall abnormalities (the chest bone may either curve in or
protrude out, giving the chest a sunken-in or a pigeon-breasted appearance).
Overly loose joints and flat feet are common.
Other symptoms
may affect the skin, nervous system, and lungs, but these tend to be less
common and less serious, especially in kids and teens.
Diagnosing Marfan Syndrome
There's no
single test for diagnosing Marfan syndrome. Diagnosis depends on detailed exams
by a team of doctors, including a geneticist (a doctor who specializes in
inherited disorders), a cardiologist (heart specialist), ophthalmologist (eye
doctor), and an orthopedist (bone specialist). Molecular testing for a mutation
in the FBN1 gene is part of the comprehensive evaluation.
First, a
geneticist will ask about any family history of the disorder or whether any
relatives died early from heart-related deaths. He or she may also take
detailed skeletal measurements. The geneticist may order mutation testing on a
small blood sample.
A cardiologist
may listen for a heart murmur and will likely perform tests such as:
·
a chest X-ray
·
an echocardiogram, which uses sound waves to
produce a picture of the heart to check the size of the aorta and the
functioning of the valves
An
ophthalmologist may perform a "slit lamp" test (a slit lamp allows
the doctor to see the front of the eye under high magnification) while the eyes
are dilated to check for lens dislocation and any other abnormalities.
An orthopedist
will check for curvatures of the spine and chest bone, as well as joint
problems and flat feet.
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