Guide N 3
The Human Heart
The human heart is a muscle that lies left of the chest . It has about the size of a fist . The heart is like a pump that sends blood around your body. The blood gives you the oxygen you need . An average heart pumps about 70 millilitres of blood into your body with every beat . That’s about 5 litres every minute or about 7200 litres every day.
Parts of the heart
The heart is made up of 4 chambers . There are two chambers on each side of the heart. The top two chambers are called the atria. They fill with blood. The two chambers at the bottom of the heart are called ventricles. Their job is to squirt out the blood. In the middle of the heart there is a thick muscle called the septum that separates the left and the right side.
The atria and ventricles work together. The atria fill with blood and when they are full they let the blood into the ventricles. When these ventricles pump the blood out of the heart, the atria fill up again and the whole process starts again.
There are valves in the heart that make sure that the blood is pumped in the right direction. When the heart contracts , it pumps blood from its chambers into the body. Then the heart muscle relaxes and lets the chambers fill up.
Blood circulation
Every cell in your body needs oxygen to live. The role of the heart is to send blood that is full of oxygen to all the cells in your body.
The passageways that carry this blood are called blood vessels. Arteries carry oxygen-rich blood to the cells that need it. The largest artery is the aorta. Veins carry blood back to the heart again. It is pumped into your lungs where it picks up oxygen and then goes back to your heart, from where it is pumped back again into your body.
It only takes about 20 seconds to pump blood to every cell of your body.
Your heartbeat
Even though your heart is inside you, you can see it work by feeling your pulse. You can find your pulse in many parts of your body. It’s best to press your finger on the inside of your hand, just below the thumb. You can feel a small beat under your skin. This is caused by the contraction of your heart.
When you rest or sleep your heart does not beat that fast—about 60 to 80 beats a minute. When you run around a lot your heart pumps more blood into your body—maybe up to 200 times a minute.
Changing heart rates
As people grow older their heart rates change. A newborn baby has a heart rate of about 130, a three-year old has about 100 and an eight-year old’s heart beats about 90 times a minute. An adult has a heart rate of about 70 to 80. The older you get the slower your heart beats.
Heart attack
Your heart is probably the most important part of your body. If it stops pumping blood you cannot survive .
The greatest danger for your heart is a heart attack. It happens suddenly and is like an explosion. When the heart stops pumping blood, muscles must die because they cannot get any oxygen.
In some cases blood is not able to flow through the blood vessels because they are clogged up. So the heart does not get enough blood to work. Chest pain may be a possible warning sign of an upcoming heart attack.
How to keep your heart healthy
Most people are born with a healthy heart, but it’s important to keep it healthy.
Your heart is a muscle. It needs exercise . About twenty minutes of exercise a day will keep it strong and healthy.
Eat different kinds of food and don’t eat too much fat.
Smoking is bad for your heart.
Words
adult = a grown up person
artery = a path that carries blood from the heart to the body
average = normal
beat =rhythm, pounding of the heart
caused =to be done because of
cell = a very small part of something living
chamber = a part of the heart that is separated from other parts by a thin muscle
chest =the front part of your body between your neck and your stomach
clog =block, stop
contract = to become smaller
contraction = to make something smaller
fist = if you press your hand together to make it round like a ball you call this a fist
flow =run
heart rate = the number of times your heart beats every minute
make sure =here: control
oxygen = is in the air that we breathe
pain =if something hurts you
passageway = small ways or paths through the body
pick up =to take along with it
press = to push hard on something
process =the actions that re done to achieve something
relax = rest
separate =divide
squirt out =if a liquid comes out very quickly
suddenly = if something happens very surprisingly
survive = to stay alive
upcoming = if something is going to happen soon
valve =part of a tube or pipe that opens and closes and controls how much air or water goes through it
The human heart is a muscle that lies left of the chest . It has about the size of a fist . The heart is like a pump that sends blood around your body. The blood gives you the oxygen you need . An average heart pumps about 70 millilitres of blood into your body with every beat . That’s about 5 litres every minute or about 7200 litres every day.
Parts of the heart
The heart is made up of 4 chambers . There are two chambers on each side of the heart. The top two chambers are called the atria. They fill with blood. The two chambers at the bottom of the heart are called ventricles. Their job is to squirt out the blood. In the middle of the heart there is a thick muscle called the septum that separates the left and the right side.
The atria and ventricles work together. The atria fill with blood and when they are full they let the blood into the ventricles. When these ventricles pump the blood out of the heart, the atria fill up again and the whole process starts again.
There are valves in the heart that make sure that the blood is pumped in the right direction. When the heart contracts , it pumps blood from its chambers into the body. Then the heart muscle relaxes and lets the chambers fill up.
Blood circulation
Every cell in your body needs oxygen to live. The role of the heart is to send blood that is full of oxygen to all the cells in your body.
The passageways that carry this blood are called blood vessels. Arteries carry oxygen-rich blood to the cells that need it. The largest artery is the aorta. Veins carry blood back to the heart again. It is pumped into your lungs where it picks up oxygen and then goes back to your heart, from where it is pumped back again into your body.
It only takes about 20 seconds to pump blood to every cell of your body.
Your heartbeat
Even though your heart is inside you, you can see it work by feeling your pulse. You can find your pulse in many parts of your body. It’s best to press your finger on the inside of your hand, just below the thumb. You can feel a small beat under your skin. This is caused by the contraction of your heart.
When you rest or sleep your heart does not beat that fast—about 60 to 80 beats a minute. When you run around a lot your heart pumps more blood into your body—maybe up to 200 times a minute.
Changing heart rates
As people grow older their heart rates change. A newborn baby has a heart rate of about 130, a three-year old has about 100 and an eight-year old’s heart beats about 90 times a minute. An adult has a heart rate of about 70 to 80. The older you get the slower your heart beats.
Heart attack
Your heart is probably the most important part of your body. If it stops pumping blood you cannot survive .
The greatest danger for your heart is a heart attack. It happens suddenly and is like an explosion. When the heart stops pumping blood, muscles must die because they cannot get any oxygen.
In some cases blood is not able to flow through the blood vessels because they are clogged up. So the heart does not get enough blood to work. Chest pain may be a possible warning sign of an upcoming heart attack.
How to keep your heart healthy
Most people are born with a healthy heart, but it’s important to keep it healthy.
Your heart is a muscle. It needs exercise . About twenty minutes of exercise a day will keep it strong and healthy.
Eat different kinds of food and don’t eat too much fat.
Smoking is bad for your heart.
Words
adult = a grown up person
artery = a path that carries blood from the heart to the body
average = normal
beat =rhythm, pounding of the heart
caused =to be done because of
cell = a very small part of something living
chamber = a part of the heart that is separated from other parts by a thin muscle
chest =the front part of your body between your neck and your stomach
clog =block, stop
contract = to become smaller
contraction = to make something smaller
fist = if you press your hand together to make it round like a ball you call this a fist
flow =run
heart rate = the number of times your heart beats every minute
make sure =here: control
oxygen = is in the air that we breathe
pain =if something hurts you
passageway = small ways or paths through the body
pick up =to take along with it
press = to push hard on something
process =the actions that re done to achieve something
relax = rest
separate =divide
squirt out =if a liquid comes out very quickly
suddenly = if something happens very surprisingly
survive = to stay alive
upcoming = if something is going to happen soon
valve =part of a tube or pipe that opens and closes and controls how much air or water goes through it
Actividad 1:
a) Lea el título del texto y
escríbalo en español.
………………………………………………………………………………………..
b) A partir del título, ¿sobre
qué le parece que tratará el texto?
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
c) Observe en los textos las
palabras transparentes y márquelas con un
color.
Las
palabras transparentes son las que son similares en Inglés y en Español;
por lo que podemos inferir su significado
fácilmente.
d) Observe las palabras conocidas y
márquelas con otro color.
Las palabras conocidas son aquellas
que Ustedes ya conocen en Inglés.
e) Busque en el diccionario el significado
de las siguientes palabras.
· artery.:
…………………………………………………………………………
· beat: …………………………………………………………………………..
ventricules:
………………………………………………………………………..
chest:
……………………………………………………………………………
· fist: ………………………………………………………………………….
· blood: ……………………………………………………………………….
· contract: …………………………………………………………………………
ACTIVIDAD 2:
Relea las palabras transparentes; las
conocidas y las que ha buscado en el diccionario y escriba una breve idea
general del texto en Español:
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
ACTIVIDAD 3
De acuerdo a la información que piensa que
contiene cada texto indique::
§ El
primer párrafo es: a) una definición?.
b) una narración?
c) una descripción?
§ El
segundo párrafo es una …………………………………………………….
VOCABULARIO:
Actividad
1 – Uso del
diccionario.
“health”: s.
salud.
“s” es la
abreviatura de sustantivo; “adj” de adjetivo; “adv” de adverbio; “v” de verbo ; “tr” de transitivo; e “intr”
de instransitivo.
En Inglés
serían:
“n” :
noun; “adj” : adjective; “adv” : Adverb. ; “v” : verb.; “tr” : transitive; “intr” : intransitive.
Sustantivos:
cuando buscamos significados de sustantivos en el diccionario,
debemos
hacerlo en singular.
ü research:
……………………………………………………………………….
ü skills:
…………………………………………………………………………….
GRAMATICA.
Al observar y realizar la lecto – comprensión
del texto desde el aspecto gramatical; debemos tener en cuenta que una oración
en Inglés, se divide básicamente en tres partes.
G N
+ G V + G N
GN significa Grupo Nominal que
puede estar compuesto por varias palabras o por una sola que es obligatoria: el
SUSTANTIVO (que constituye el Núcleo del G N).
GV significa Grupo Verbal que
también puede estar compuesto por varias palabras o por una sola, que también
es obligatoria: el VERBO (que constituye el Núcleo del G V).
Actividad 1:
§ Veamos
una oración:
“Kinesiology is the study of the
mechanics and anatomy of human movement
.”
§ Realicemos los siguientes pasos:
1. Marcamos los sustantivos.
2. Marcamos el / los verbos.
3. Encerramos el verbo en un círculo; que
constituirá el Núcleo del GV.
4. El resto conforma los dos GN de la oración.
“ Kinesiology is the study of the mechanics and
anatomy of human movement.”
GN GV GN
§ Para
leer la oración, debemos leer cada grupo por separado primero:
GN 1: Kinesiology: …………………………………………………………………….
GV : is : …………………………………………………………………………..
GN 2: the study of the mechanics and anatomy of human
movement: ………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………….
IMPORTANTE: Para poder leer las oraciones de un
texto en forma correcta;
debemos
separar el texto de acuerdo a los signos de puntuación; las
preposiciones
y los conectores.
Actividad
2:
a) Transcribe del texto, segundo párrafo, la
primera oración :
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
b) Realiza detalladamente los pasos 1, 2, 3 y 4
de la actividad anterior.
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
c) Antes de leer la oración completa, ¿qué
debemos realizar primero?.
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
d) Entonces; completamos en Inglés y luego en
Español.
GN 1: ………………………………………………………………………………….
GV : ………………………………………………………………………………….
GN 2:
………………………………………………………………………………….
COMPRENSION:
* ¿Qué es el
corazón?
* Tamaño del
mismo
o
Función
del mismo
Partes
del mismo
o
Funciones
de cada parte
o
He
is (él es/está)
He
was (él estuvo/estaba/era/fue)
He
will be (él será/estará)
Ej: to work worked
to observe observed
to study studied
VERBOS
¨ To be (ser/estar)
Las
formas del verbo “to be” son:
Presente:
I
am (yo soy/estoy) We
are (nosotros somos/estamos)
You
are (tú eres/estás) You
are (ustedes son/están)
He
is (él es/está)
She is (ella es/está) They are (ellos son/están)
It
is (eso es/está)
Ej.: A bacteria is a simple cell. (Una bacteria es una célula
simple.)
All the organisms on earth are cells. (Todos los organismos terrestres son
células.)
Pasado:
I was (yo estuve/estaba/era/ fui) We
were (nosotros estuvimos/ estábamos/
éramos/ fuimos)
You were (tú estuviste/estabas/eras/fuiste) You were
(ustedes estuvieron/ estaban/ eran/ fueron)
He
was (él estuvo/estaba/era/fue)
She was (ella estuvo/estaba/era/fue) They were (ellos estuvieron/ estaban/ eran/
fueron)
It
was (eso estuvo/estaba/era/fue)
Futuro:
I
will be (yo seré/estaré) We will be (nosotros seremos/estaremos)
You will be
(tú serás/estarás) You
will be (ustedes serán/estarán)
He
will be (él será/estará)
She will be (ella será/estará) They will be (ellos serán/estarán)
It
will be (eso será/estará)
VERBOS REGULARES
En
el tiempo presente, no se diferencian de los irregulares.
Para
formar el pasado y el participio pasado agregándole la terminación “ED” al
infinito, o sea:
VERBO EN
INFINITIVO + “-ED”
Ej: to work worked to observe observed to study studied
Ej.: Scientists
studied some new bacteria. (Los científicos estudiaron algunas nuevas bacterias)
VERBOS IRREGULARES
No
siguen ninguna regla. A veces adoptan la misma forma en el pasado y en el
participio pasado y otras, tienen formas distintas.
Ej.: Infinitivo Pasado Participio
pasado
make (hacer) made made
choose (elegir) chose chosen
VERBOS AUXILIARES
¨ Do-Does-Did
Aparecen en las oraciones negativas e
interrogativas, no tienen traducción en español.
Do se utiliza con los
pronombres I-you-we-they en el tiempo presente
Ej.: Do cells possess a single nucleus? (¿Poseen las células un solo núcleo?
Prokaryotic cells do not exhibit
an internal organization. (Las células procariotas no presentan una organización interna.)
Does se utiliza con
los pronombres he-she-it en el tiempo presente
Ej.: Does your body contain many cells? (¿Contiene tu cuerpo muchas células?)
A bacteria does not have the partitioning of the cytoplasm. (Una bacteria no tiene división del citoplasma.)
Did se utiliza con
todos los pronombres en el tiempo pasado
Ej.:
Did Robert Hooke use a microscope?
(¿Usó Robert Hooke el microscopio?)
Before Robert Hooke, scientists did not use the microscope. (Antes de Robert Hooke, los científicos no
usaban el microscopio.)
¨ Have-Has-had
Forman parte de los tiempos perfectos y se
traducen como HABER en español.
Have se utiliza con
los pronombres I-you-we-they en el tiempo presente
Ej.: They have only one nucleus. (Ellas tienen un solo núcleo)
They have observed animal cells. (Ellos han observado células animales)
Has se utiliza con
los pronombres he-she-it en el tiempo presente
Ej.: It has only one nucleus. (Tiene un solo núcleo)
He has
observed animal cells. (Él ha
observado células animales)
Had se utiliza con todos los pronombres en el tiempo pasado
Ej.: It had only one nucleus. (Tenía un solo núcleo)
We
had observed animal cells. (Habíamos
observado células animales
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